RESUMO Os membros da família Diclidophoridae são espécies potencialmente perigosas para a aquicultura de peixes puffer em todo o mundo. Eles são parasitas poliopisthocotyleans, com uma hélice posterior equipada com pinças para fixação na superfície do hospedeiro, permitindo que o verme resista ao fluxo de água para manter sua posição nas brânquias. O corpo anterior do verme é deformável, e permite que o verme se alimente de sangue sugado das guelras dos peixes. O presente estudo é a primeira descrição de uma espécie Heterobothrium das guelras do tigre Lagocephalus sceleratus (Tetraodontidae) das costas do Golfo Arábico em Jubail, Arábia Saudita, usando morfologia por microscopia leve, bem como análise molecular do rRNA parcial do parasita 28S através de alinhamentos de sequências múltiplas e filogenia por análise de máxima verossimilhança que é fornecida pela primeira vez para as espécies descritas. Dezessete peixes tigre puffer foram capturados vivos da água marinha da Arábia Saudita; as brânquias foram separadas e mais tarde examinadas para detecção de infecção parasitária. Nove peixes foram encontrados infectados por um parasita monogênio robusto, equipado por dois órgãos bucais na extremidade anterior afilada; o hortetor posterior era retangular com quatro pinças dispostas simetricamente, sem istmo. Ausência de ganchos marginais. Ovário alongado, em forma de U, testículos numerosos, de forma irregular e estendido desde a parte posterior do ovário até a margem anterior do hortelino. Órgão copulatório muscular, como um copo esférico armado com 12 a 15 ganchos genitais. A análise molecular do parasita 28s rRNA e filogenia revelou uma porcentagem de identidades entre 87,47-89,09%, com espécies Diclidophoridae dentro do clade monofilético de Mazocraeidea onde uma porcentagem máxima de 89,09% foi obtida para o táxon-irmão morfologicamente diferente H. okamotoi. Os resultados obtidos da análise molecular são consistentes com as conclusões tiradas da classificação morfológica onde o parasita registrado era morfologicamente semelhante ao H. lamothei que não era caracterizado pela análise molecular antes. As sequências recuperadas foram depositadas no GeneBank sob o número de acesso MT322610.

ABSTRACT Members of the family Diclidophoridae are potentially dangerous species for the puffer fish aquaculture worldwide. They are parasitic polyopisthocotyleans, with a posterior haptor equipped with clamps for attachment to the host's surface, allowing the worm to resist the flow of water to maintain its position on gills. The anterior body of the worm is deformable, allows the worm to feed on blood sucked from fish gills. The present study is the first description of a Heterobothrium species from the gills of the tiger puffer Lagocephalus sceleratus (Tetraodontidae) from the coasts of the Arabian Gulf at Jubail, Saudi Arabia morphologically by light microscopy as well as by molecular analysis of the parasite partial 28S rRNA through multiple sequence alignments and phylogeny by maximum likelihood analysis which is provided for the first time for the described species. Seventeen tiger puffer fish were captured alive from marine water off Saudi Arabia; gills were separated and further examined for parasitic infection. Nine fish were found infected with a monogenean parasite which was robust, equipped by two buccal organs at the tapered anterior end; the posterior haptor was rectangular with four symmetrically arranged clamps, with no isthmus. Marginal hooks absent. Ovary elongated, U-shaped, testes numerous, irregularly shaped and extended from the posterior part of the ovary to the anterior margin of the haptor. Copulatory organ muscular, as a spherical cup armed with 12 to 15 genital hooks. The molecular analysis of the parasite 28s rRNA and phylogeny revealed a percentage of identities between 87.47-89.09%, with Diclidophoridae species within the monophyletic clade of Mazocraeidea where a maximum percentage of 89.09% were obtained for the morphologically different sister taxon H. okamotoi. The results obtained from molecular analysis are consistent with the conclusions drawn from morphological classification where that the parasite recorded was morphologically similar to H. lamothei which was not characterized by molecular analysis before. The recovered sequences were deposited into the GeneBank under accession number MT322610.

Abstract The present research article proposes a method to classify University engineering programs, placing special attention to relations between the subjects of the curriculum and the 12 areas of knowledge established in the body of competencies published by the Institute of industrial and System Engineers (IIES). Techniques of unsupervised data analysis such as Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used for the proposed classification. Twenty-one programs, accredited by high quality in Industrial Engineering in Colombia, are used as units of study. The results show that factors such as international accreditation, size of the faculties of engineering and University profile, influence the grouping of the programs of study. The research allowed to classify three large main components and profiles of accredited programs.

Resumen Se propone un método para clasificar programas universitarios de ingeniería industrial, colocando especial atención a las relaciones entre las asignaturas del plan de estudio y las 12 áreas de conocimiento planteadas en el cuerpo de competencias publicado por el Instituto de Ingenieros Industriales y de Sistemas (IIES). Para la clasificación propuesta se utilizó técnicas de análisis no supervisado de datos como el Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) y Análisis de clúster. Como unidades de estudio se utilizan los 21 programas acreditados por alta calidad en Ingeniería Industrial en Colombia. Los resultados muestran que factores como, las acreditaciones internacionales, tamaño de las facultades de ingeniería y el perfil de universidad influye en la agrupación de los programas de estudio. La investigación permitió clasificar tres grandes componentes principales y perfiles de programas acreditados

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento que han tenido los indicadores de productividad y rentabilidad financieros en las empresas prestadoras de salud del Régimen Contributivo en Colombia entre 2008 y 2010. Materiales y métodos: Investigación aplicada, cuantitativa e inductiva con utilización de Análisis Discriminante (ADM), que permitió analizar el comportamiento de los indicadores seleccionados. Resultados: Se pudo evidenciar y demostrar en el trabajo de investigación que el análisis de las medias del indicador Utilidad Operacional / Valor agregado (IP2) este presentó diferencias significativas. Para el análisis de la función discriminante mejoraron los indicadores Utilidad Bruta / Ingresos Operacionales (MB) y Utilidad Operacional / Valor agregado (IP2) durante los periodos 2008 y 2010 en las entidades de salud del Régimen Contributivo. Conclusiones: A través de método utilizado se pudo analizar el comportamiento relacionado con los indicadores analizados en los años estudiados y concluir que estos presentaron diferencias relevantes. Así mismo, se puede predecir el análisis de la población con un 61,1 % de probabilidad.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the behavior that profitability and productivity financial indicators have had in Health Provider Companies from the contributory scheme in Colombia, between 2008 and 2010. Materials and Methods: Applied, quantitative and inductive research using discriminant Analysis (ADM), which allowed to analyze the behavior of the selected indicators. Results: It was evident and demonstrated in the research work that the analysis of the Operating Income/Value Added Tax (IP2) indicator presented significant differences. For the analysis of the discriminant function, indicators Gross Profit/Operating Revenues (MB) and Operating Income/Value Added Tax (IP2) improved during the periods 2008 and 2010 on the Health Entities from the Contributory Scheme. Conclusions: Through the method used, it was able to analyze the behavior related to the analyzed indicators in the years studied and conclude that these had significant differences. Likewise one can predict the analysis of population with 61.1 % probability.

Position and source of blood supply to the human carotid body displays population variations. These data are important during surgical procedures and diagnostic imaging in the neck but are only scarcely reported and altogether missing for the Kenyan population. The aim of this study was to describe the position and blood supply of the carotid body in a Kenyan population. A descriptive cross-sectional study at the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, was designed. 136 common carotid arteries and their bifurcations were exposed by gross dissection. The carotid body was identified as a small oval structure embedded in the blood vessel adventitia. Position and source of blood supply were photographed. Data are presented by tables and macrographs. 138 carotid bodies were identified. Commonest position was carotid bifurcation (75.4%) followed by external carotid artery (10.2%), internal carotid artery (7.2%) and ascending pharyngeal artery (7.2%). Sources of arterial blood supply included the carotid bifurcation (51.4%), ascending pharyngeal (21.0%), external carotid (17.4%) and internal carotid (10.2%) arteries. Position and blood supply of the carotid body in the Kenyan population displays a different profile of variations from those described in other populations. Neck surgeons should be aware of these to avoid inadvertent injury.

La posición y la fuente de suministro sanguíneo del cuerpo carotídeo humano muestra variaciones en la población. Estos datos son importantes durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos y de diagnóstico por imagen en el cuello, pero son poco informados e inclusive faltan por completo en la población de Kenia. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la posición y el aporte sanguíneo del cuerpo carotídeo en una población de Kenia. Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el Departamento de Anatomía Humana de la Universidad de Nairobi. 136 arterias carótidas comunes y sus bifurcaciones fueron expuestas mediante disección simple. El cuerpo carotídeo fue identificado como una pequeña estructura oval ubicada en la adventicia del vaso sanguíneo. La posición y la fuente de suministro sanguíneo fueron fotografiados. Los datos obtenidos fueron presentados en las tablas y fotomacrografías. 138 cuerpos carotídeos fueron identificados. La posición más frecuente fue la bifurcación carotídea (75,4%), seguida de la arteria carótida externa (10,2%), arteria carótida interna (7,2%) y la arteria faríngea ascendente (7,2%). Las fuentes de suministro sanguíneo arterial incluyeron la bifurcación carotídea (51,4%), arteria faríngea ascendente (21,0%), arteria carótida externa (17,4%) y arterias carótidas internas (10,2%). La posición y el suministro sanguíneo del cuerpo carotídeo en la población de Kenia muestra un perfil de variaciones diferente a las descritos en otras poblaciones. Los cirujanos de cuello deben conocer estas variaciones para así evitar lesiones accidentales.